Hedgehog Care 101

Hedgehogs are fascinating and charming creatures that have captured the hearts of many as beloved pets. Their unique appearance, gentle demeanor, and low maintenance requirements make them an appealing choice for animal lovers of all ages. However, like any pet, hedgehogs have specific needs that must be met to ensure their health and happiness.

In this guide, we’ll delve deep into the world of hedgehog care, covering everything from choosing the right hedgehog to creating the perfect habitat, meeting their dietary needs, providing enrichment, and ensuring their overall well-being.

Introduction to Hedgehogs

Hedgehogs belong to the family Erinaceidae and are characterized by their spiny coat, which serves as a defense mechanism against predators in the wild. There are several species of hedgehogs, but the African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) is the most common species kept as pets due to its manageable size, gentle temperament, and suitability for domestication.

Characteristics of Hedgehogs

Hedgehogs typically have a round body covered in sharp spines, a pointed snout, small eyes, and ears, and a short tail. Their spines are made of keratin, the same material found in human hair and nails, and are not poisonous or barbed like those of porcupines. Hedgehogs come in a variety of colors, including salt and pepper, albino, cinnamon, and pinto, with individual variations in patterns and markings.

Temperament and Behavior

While hedgehogs may appear prickly at first glance, they are generally docile and can form strong bonds with their owners! However, they are solitary animals by nature and may exhibit defensive behaviors if they feel threatened or stressed. Understanding hedgehog behavior and body language is essential for providing appropriate care and handling.

Choosing a Hedgehog

Before bringing a hedgehog into your home, it’s essential to consider whether they are the right pet for you and your lifestyle. Here are some factors to keep in mind when choosing a hedgehog:

Legal Considerations

Check local regulations and ordinances regarding the ownership of hedgehogs, as they may be restricted or prohibited in some areas. In the United States, hedgehogs are currently illegal to own in California, Georgia, Hawaii, New York City, Omaha Nebraska, and Washington, D.C.

Source

Obtain your hedgehog from a reputable breeder or rescue organization to ensure they are healthy, well-socialized, and ethically bred. Hedgehogs are commonly found in pet shops, but there is often no way to know the conditions their hedgehogs were sourced from.

Age

Opt for a hedgehog that is at least six to twelve weeks old. You want them to be fully weaned and independent by the time you bring them home!

Health

Inspect the hedgehog for signs of health issues, such as runny eyes or nose, lethargy, excessive scratching, or weight loss. A healthy hedgehog should be alert, active, and free from visible parasites such as fleas, ticks, or mites.

Compatibility

Consider your lifestyle and living situation to ensure you can provide the time, space, and resources necessary to care for a hedgehog long-term.

Habitat Setup

Creating a suitable habitat is essential for your hedgehog’s health and well-being. Here’s how to set up the perfect hedgehog habitat:

Cage or Enclosure

Choose a spacious and escape-proof enclosure to prevent your hedgehog from climbing or squeezing through gaps. A large wire cage or hutch with plenty of ventilation works well for housing hedgehogs! Ensure the enclosure has a secure door to prevent escape.

Bedding

Provide a soft and absorbent bedding material to line the bottom of the enclosure. Suitable options include recycled paper bedding, aspen shavings, or fleece liners. Avoid cedar or pine shavings, as they can be harmful to hedgehog respiratory health.

Hideouts and Enrichment

Hedgehogs are nocturnal animals that enjoy hiding and burrowing. Furnish the enclosure with a variety of hideouts, tunnels, and enrichment items, such as PVC pipes, cardboard boxes, and fabric tunnels. These provide security and mental stimulation for your hedgehog!

Temperature and Lighting

Maintain a consistent temperature range of 70-80°F (21-27°C) in the hedgehog enclosure. Use a digital thermometer to monitor the temperature and adjust as needed with a ceramic heat emitter or a reptile heat pad. Provide a natural day-night cycle by exposing your hedgehog to ambient light during the day and darkness at night.

Cleaning and Maintenance

Regularly clean and spot-clean the hedgehog enclosure to remove waste and soiled bedding. Replace bedding as needed and sanitize the enclosure with a pet-safe disinfectant to prevent the buildup of bacteria and odors.

Diet and Nutrition

A balanced diet is essential for your hedgehog’s health and vitality. Here’s what you need to know about feeding your hedgehog:

Commercial Hedgehog Food

Choose a high-quality commercial hedgehog food that is specifically formulated to meet their nutritional needs. Look for a product with a protein content of around 30-35% and a fat content of 10-15%.

Insects and Protein

Supplement your hedgehog’s diet with live insects, such as mealworms, crickets, and waxworms. These provide essential protein and enrichment for your hedgehog. Offer a variety of insects to ensure dietary diversity and avoid feeding wild-caught bugs, as they may contain pesticides or parasites!

Fresh Foods

Offer small amounts of fresh fruits, vegetables, and cooked lean meats as occasional treats. Safe options include apples, carrots, peas, cooked chicken, and scrambled eggs. However, avoid foods high in sugar, fat, or seasoning, as they can upset your hedgehog’s stomach.

Avoid feeding your hedgehog anything with dairy, as hedgehogs are lactose intolerant!

Water

Provide fresh, clean water to your hedgehog at all times. Use a shallow dish or a sipper bottle attached to the enclosure to ensure easy access to water. Monitor water intake to ensure your hedgehog stays hydrated, especially during warmer months or if they consume a dry diet.

Feeding Schedule

Feed your hedgehog once a day in the evening or at night, as they are nocturnal animals that are most active during these times. Offer a measured portion of food to prevent overfeeding and obesity, as hedgehogs are prone to weight gain if given unlimited access to food!

Exercise and Enrichment

Hedgehogs are active animals that require both physical and mental stimulation to stay healthy and happy. Here are some ways to provide enrichment for your hedgehog:

Exercise Wheel

Hedgehogs love to run! Provide a solid-surface exercise wheel with a diameter of at least 12 inches. Avoid wire or mesh wheels, as they can cause foot injuries and get their feet stuck. Choose a wheel with a solid running surface and ensure it spins freely to prevent back injuries.

Toys and Enrichment Items

Offer a variety of safe toys and enrichment items to keep your hedgehog entertained and engaged. Suitable options include tunnels, balls, puzzle feeders, and chew toys. Rotate toys regularly to prevent boredom and stimulate your hedgehog’s natural instincts.

Playtime and Interaction

Interact with your hedgehog daily through gentle handling and supervised playtime outside of the enclosure. Allow your hedgehog to explore and roam in a secure, hedgehog-proofed area under supervision. Bonding with your hedgehog through positive interactions helps strengthen your relationship and build trust.

Environmental Enrichment

Create a stimulating environment within the hedgehog enclosure by adding natural materials, such as branches, leaves, and safe plants. Incorporate sensory experiences, such as different textures, scents, and sounds, to enrich your hedgehog’s surroundings and encourage exploration.

Health and Veterinary Care

Maintaining your hedgehog’s health is crucial for their longevity and well-being. Here are some tips for ensuring your hedgehog stays healthy:

Regular Check-ups

Schedule annual wellness exams with a veterinarian experienced in exotic pet care to monitor your hedgehog’s health and detect any underlying issues early. Be proactive about preventive care, such as parasite prevention, and dental checks.

Signs of Illness

Be vigilant for signs of illness in your hedgehog, including changes in appetite, activity level, behavior, or appearance. Common health issues in hedgehogs include respiratory infections, dental problems, obesity, and skin conditions. Seek veterinary attention promptly if you notice any abnormalities or concerns.

Parasite Control

Protect your hedgehog from external and internal parasites by implementing a regular parasite prevention program. Use veterinarian-approved products to treat and prevent fleas, ticks, mites, and intestinal parasites. Keep the hedgehog enclosure clean and sanitary to minimize the risk of parasite infestations.

Dental Care

Monitor your hedgehog’s dental health by observing their eating habits and inspecting their teeth regularly. Seek veterinary advice if you notice signs of dental disease, such as drooling, difficulty eating, or missing teeth.

Hygiene and Grooming

Maintain good hygiene by keeping your hedgehog’s enclosure clean and providing regular opportunities for them to self-clean. Hedgehogs are naturally clean animals and may groom themselves regularly. However, you can assist with grooming by offering occasional baths (no more than once a month!) or foot soaks to help soften and remove dirt from their spines and feet.

Handling and Socialization

Proper handling and socialization are essential for building a trusting and positive relationship with your hedgehog. Here are some tips for handling your hedgehog safely and effectively:

Approach Slowly and Gently

Approach your hedgehog calmly and quietly to avoid startling them. Use slow and gentle movements to pick them up and hold them securely. Avoid sudden or jerky motions, as these may trigger defensive behaviors.

Support Their Body

Support your hedgehog’s body properly by cradling them in your hands and providing firm but gentle support. Avoid squeezing or pressing on their abdomen or spine, as this can cause discomfort or injury.

Check out our guide here for more information on how to handle your hedgehog!

Respect Their Boundaries

Respect your hedgehog’s boundaries and signals for when they want to be left alone. If your hedgehog curls into a ball or hisses, give them space and time to relax before attempting to handle them again. Avoid forcing interactions or handling when your hedgehog is stressed or unresponsive.

Bonding Time

Set aside dedicated bonding time with your hedgehog each day to strengthen your relationship and build trust. Offer treats, gentle strokes, and positive reinforcement to associate handling with positive experiences. Be patient and consistent, as it may take time for your hedgehog to become comfortable with handling!

Socialization

Expose your hedgehog to a variety of sights, sounds, smells, and experiences to help them become well-adjusted and confident. Introduce them to new environments, people, and animals gradually and under supervision to prevent stress or anxiety. Socialization is crucial for preventing fear-based behaviors and ensuring your hedgehog feels secure in different situations.

Conclusion

Hedgehogs make delightful and rewarding pets for individuals and families willing to provide the time, effort, and care they require.

By understanding their unique needs and behaviors, you can create a safe, enriching, and fulfilling environment for your hedgehog to thrive.

Remember to research, stay informed, and seek veterinary guidance when needed to ensure your hedgehog enjoys a long, healthy, and happy life as your cherished companion!